British Management Theory and Practice the Impact of Fayol

Ian Smith, Trevor Boyns, (2005),†British administration hypothesis and practice: the effect of Fayol†, Management Decision, Vol. 43 Iss: 10 pp. 1317 †1334 This paper reevaluates the effect of Fayol’s take a shot at hypothesis and practice of the board in Britain, first, in the interwar period and second, in the post-war time of 1945 to the late 1960s. Lyndall Urwick, a regarded British administration scholar and essayist portrayed Fayol as â€Å"the most recognized figure which Europe added to the administration development up to the furthest limit of the primary portion of the present century†(Smith I, Boyns T, 2005) in Urwick’s distributes and interpreted speeches.Urwick bolstered Fayol’s general standards of the executives guaranteeing an impact on post-war British administration speculations known as the neoclassical school during the 1950s. Fayol’s standards occurred among speculations inside logical administration pack which o ffered a canny sources of info coupled to a real faith in modern proficiency. Further investigation into British administration work on during that time, Fayol’s impact demonstrated tricky because of the accentuation of British administration on sober mindedness and limited spotlight on control which permitted close to nothing, assuming any, convenience for Fayol’s model.Twenty years or so after Second World War, Fayol’s sway, particularly after Urwick’s intercession, was on the executives hypothesis anyway not the board practice. Since 1970, the focal point of the board thinking had gotten some distance from the elements of the executives towards to getting the executives and overseeing through an assessment of what chiefs do. This article finishes up whether Henri Fayol’s commitment is important today. This recommends the history scholastics understood his work had altogether added to the examination in the board today, and Fayol’s thought s kept on being more compelling in the domain of hypothesis than training in Britain.

An Open Campus is a Bad Idea Essay -- public school

Meandering children. Heavily congested traffic. Medication managing. Is this the image drawn when neighborhood understudies have fifty minutes of opportunity during lunch to do whatever they please? Understudies ought not be permitted to leave their school grounds during lunch. An open grounds would prompt truancy, upset nearby organizations and neighborhoods, and cause wrongdoing. Â Â Â Â Â Truancy can happen among understudies if an open grounds is acknowledged. On the off chance that understudies have the benefit to leave school for fifty entire minutes all alone, at that point they have the opportunity to not return. It would break the trust among understudies and teachers, and harsher guidelines would need to be implemented on the open grounds rule. Various understudies who choose to dump the rest of the periods would have an unreasonable measure of in-school unlucky deficiencies. This could prompt parent meetings and suspension, and potentially ejection now and again. At the point when an understudy misses or skirts a class, the data instructed that day would not be available in a similar organization which others have learned. One?s scholastic evaluations can be affected from absence of data by truancy. Flighty understudies who decide to face the challenge of leaving their school after lunch for the rest of the day won't have this chance if an open grounds is kept shut. Â Â Â Â Â Local organizations and neighborhoods can be upset if open grounds are allowed during the lunch break. At the point when gatherings of understudies are on their break, they can cause an uproar and be very loud among one a...

Logos

Logos It’s estimated that most people see tens of thousands of marketing messages a day, and you might see even more than that, depending on where you live in the world. That’s a lot of messages. And most of them are trying to convince you of something. To add insult to injury, many of these messages don’t even seem like marketing. Instead, a product is mentioned in a pop song or displayed in the background on a prime time dramedy. Perhaps the most cunning of these messages, though, is the apple on your laptop. Or the swoosh on your sneakers. Or the charging bull on your energy drink can. I say cunning because, in most cases, consumers of the products bearing these logos are more than happy to display them. In fact, they’d feel a little ripped off if they couldn’t. The logo stands for something, whether it be quality, edginess, or a certain indefinable cool that you understand, but can’t put your finger on. These associations aren’t accidental: There are teams of very intelligent people in charge of building up the reputation of these iconic marks. They make sure their computers are used by the right people, and their energy drinks are chugged by the most influential stars for specific demographics. It’s an aspect of branding that is part art and part science, and its most shining success has been making consumers feel that by associating themselves with a certain logoâ€"certain colors, certain words, certain songs, certain tastes, and certain packagingâ€"they are themselves transformed into something more. They believe that some of the quality or edginess or cool displayed in commercials and magazine spreads will somehow rub off on them. In a way, it does. It’s said that you are what you eat, and if you decide that you’re a Whole Foods person, for example, chances are you’re eating more organic, healthy foods than someone who associates themselves with the McDonald’s brand. It’s not a given, but the likelihood is higher. This association is very superficial. The attributes that cause a person to eat healthier are not imbued by a brand; the brand simply brings these attributes to the surface. It’s encouraging to feel there are other people like you out there, and you’re not just a log floating down a lonesome river: You’re part of a movement, something bigger than yourself. This is your grocery store. The important thing to remember is that you don’t need logos to be something. You don’t need to wear a swoosh to be better at sports; you just need to practice and feel confident with your development. You don’t need to drink from a specific can to be the kind of person who enjoys skydiving and snowboarding. You just have to decide you want to do those things and do them. You don’t need to have the right logo on your compostable shopping bag to eat healthier. You just have to decide to eat healthier, and then do it. Logos are shortcuts. They allow us to jump on board a moving train and enjoy the speed as much as anyone else on board. The trouble is, it can be difficult to get off a moving train, and even more difficult to start walking once you have; traveling on foot just seems too slow by comparison. Logos are labels. They associate you with a specific set of attributesâ€"a movement, in many casesâ€"and if you were to go logo-less and lose those associations, you might find it difficult to express just who you are. This is something I encounter all the time, as someone who eschews logos as often as possible. The most significant difference is that no one knows where to place you. If you don’t have logos that symbolize your loyalties, associations, andâ€"to a growing degreeâ€"economic status, people aren’t quite sure where you fit. The most beneficial part of going label-less is that you’re forced to figure out who you are down to the nitty-grittiest detail. Rather than being able to shorthand your personality (I’m kind of an Oakley guy, and I dig the Giants and NASCAR, but I also have a soft spot for indie rock and classic Zeppelin), you have to know yourself in the context of yourself. You’re not ‘the kind of person who likes X,’ you’re you. This is a difficult process at first, because early on we learn how to describe ourselves as a collection of overlapping Venn Diagrams; the only uniqueness we can offer up is the complexity of the shape the circles make and which circles we use. Being your own brandâ€"and building yourself up from scratchâ€"is more like writing a series of short stories about yourself. You’re forced to understand who you are in a vacuum, rather than who you are in the context of some soft drink’s storyline. As you go through life, brands and people will try to force you to define yourself in terms that they understand, in their context, as you relate to them and what they think is important. You don’t have to tear all the logos off your clothing and gadgets, but be careful that you don’t let them define you, and reject those who try and force you to belong to one camp or another. You are an individual and completely uniqueâ€"remember that, and aspire to be frustratingly unlabelable. Logos is an excerpt from Act Accordingly.  Colin Wright is an author, entrepreneur,  and full-time traveler who travels to a new country every four months based on the votes of the readers at his blog,  Exile Lifestyle.

Asian Writers on English American Literature and Mainstream

During the recent Jaipur Literature Festival Xiaolu Guo, an award-winning writer and film-maker, voiced her concerns about the domination of English American literature in modern world and its negative influence (in her opinion) on the reading habits on a broader scale. Together with Jhumpa Lahiri, an Indian/American writer who has won the Pulitzer prize, she states that English American literature is extremely overrated, and its precedence over all the other literatures changes the reading habits of the entire world, homogenizing cultures. The main characteristics of Anglo-Saxon literature, according to her, are as follows: It is narrative-driven. It is realistic. It is based on story-telling. It lacks poetry and tends to repeat itself. What’s Wrong with Anglo-Saxon Literature Xiaolu Guo believes that the prevalence of Anglo-Saxon literature on the world literary market slowly but steadily changes the preferences of the entire world. For example, now she lives in Italy and recently has been astounded to see that in a local newspaper the list of 10 books of the year contained 7 books written in English. It is unimaginable for an American or a British paper to publish a list that would contain even a couple of books written in any language other than English. Xiaolu Guo and Jhumpa Lahiri think that American and British book market exists in a state of isolation – they are not very much interested in books written in foreign languages – only about 2% of books published annually in these countries are translated, while in other countries this percentage is dramatically higher – up to 70% in Slovenia. Their main grievance is that writers who write in other languages than English are treated unfairly – they have to be translated into English before they can be recognized beyond their cultures, and even after that they usually stay unnoticed – simply because the English-speaking world isn’t interested in them unless they win a Nobel Prize. Displeased with Reality However, it seems that English American literature just seemed like an easy target, taking into account that this statement was made during a literature festival in Jaipur, because what Xiaolu Guo and Jhumpa Lahiri find to be so annoying are nothing but simple facts of life. If 70% of books published in Slovenia are translated, it isn’t because this country and this culture are somehow more open, but because there aren’t so many books written in Slovene to begin with. And if the majority of the population of the world knows English at least as their second language, is it all that strange that it is the major language the books are published in? If books written in other languages are not that popular, it is not the guilt of English literature. That is just how the things are.

Effects Of Long Term Space Flight On Human - 1516 Words

Dai 1 Zeqing Dai Dr. Erika Harnett Ess 102 Space and space travel 20 October 2016 Effects of long-term space flight on human The main plot the science fiction paper includes a trip to a planet out of the solar system, including a record of the long flight to the destination and a description of the scenarios after landing on the plant. Discussion of space debris, space hazards, effect of long term space flight will be the main aspects in the record of the flight alongside with an introduction of the spacecraft technology. Regarding the post-landing scenario, atmospheric composition, condition of the planet surface and habitability of the planet would be discussed in the paper. The topic that to be presented in this research paper is the effect of long-term space flight. A flight that takes place in space for months or even years certainly has an impact on crew members’ conditions, both physically and psychologically. First and foremost, the major difference in the environment between the space and what the crew members are used to is the degree of gravity. Although in the actually spacecraft, zero gravity is countered by the artificial gravity generated to ensure crew members’ mobility, astronauts still live and work in an environment with little senses of stability and weight. Scientists have done experiments in Earth orbit that indicate weightless environment is deleterious to human body to a certain extent. (http://www.iop.org/resources/topic/archive/spacetravel/) HavingShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Long Term Space Flight1347 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Topic: Effect of Long-Term Space Flight How long would a â€Å"long term† space flight be? According to our records, the longest that human has been off Earth is almost 438 days, and it is the mission operated by Russian space station Mir. (Beings not Made for Space, Kenneth Chang, 2014) Long-term space flight requests that astronauts have to be exposed to the real space environment, which includes microgravity, the significant increase in radiation, variation in temperature and space view. Due toRead MoreEffects Of Long Term Space Flight1279 Words   |  6 PagesMeghan Stavig ESS102 Research Paper 1/17/2015 Effects of Long Term Space Flight We’ve all heard about the rigorous mental and physical tests that astronaut candidates must go through in order to be considered to be sent into space; but what is the methodology behind them? What most laymen’s’ overlook when they think ‘Astronaut’ is the extreme physical and mental taxation that is associated with space flight. Astronauts will have to endure long-term isolation, monotony, limited mobility and closeRead MoreEffects Of Long Term Space Flight1578 Words   |  7 PagesResearch Topic: Effect of Long-Term Space Flight How long would a â€Å"long term† space flight be? According to our records, the longest that human has been off Earth is almost 438 days, and it is the mission operated by Russian space station Mir. (Beings not Made for Space, Kenneth Chang, 2014) Long-term space flight requests that astronauts have to be exposed to the real space environment, which includes microgravity, the significant increase in radiation, variation in temperature and space view. The majorRead MoreThe Hazards Of Space Travel For The Human Body1511 Words   |  7 PagesESS 102 AC 20 October 2015 The Hazards of Space Travel for the Human Body In the year 2042, aerospace engineers continue to struggle with the challenge of a manned mission to mars. Biomedical complications disrupt any advancements in the effort, as astronaut safety is considered the most fundamental aspect of a successful mission. In order to study the effects of weightlessness and radiation in a deep space environment, NASA launches a government funded space station into high earth orbit. The astronaut’sRead MoreEffects Of Long Term Space Flight1510 Words   |  7 PagesGabriela V. Condarco-Quesada Jan. 23, 2015 Research Paper Draft Effects of Long Term Space Flight Since NASA’s inception in 1958, more missions have been attempted to Mars than any other place in the solar system besides the moon [1]. However, despite the number of attempts and robotic explorations made to Mars, we have yet to send humans to this red planet. Explanations for this lack of human presence can be attributed to the obstacles faced by scientists; from the technical issues that need toRead MoreSpace Flight: Risk of Performance Errors Due to Sleep Loss1644 Words   |  7 Pagesexploration. If fatigue during space flight goes untreated, there is a potential long-term health effects. The term fatigue can be explained as weariness from bodily or mental exertion and temporary reduction of functioning organs due to excessive stimulus. Astronauts are prone to other risk during spaceflight as well, these are the following: sleep loss, circadian desynchronization, fatigue, and workload are all potential risk astronauts can encounter during flight. Due to the enormous amount ofRead MoreEffects Of Long Term Space Flight1308 Words   |  6 PagesKimberly Shim ESS 102 AE Effect of Long Term Space Flight Summary of Sci Fi Paper After decades of trying to send humans to Mars, thousands of years later humans have finally formed a colony on Mars. After generations of living on the new planet, humans have adapted to the different conditions of being away from Earth. The story will follow new people’s lives on Mars and what happens when some leave Mars to go back to Earth. The effects of travelling in space on the human body is a subject thatRead MoreLong Term Risk And Reward Missions1741 Words   |  7 PagesLong term exposure in space poses multiple threats to astronauts who are tasked to complete high risk and reward missions. Some of the most prominent threats include loss of muscle mass, decrease in bone density, and weakening of the immune system. Other dangerous potential effects are alteration in circadian rhythms and exposure to radiation. Each effect either has current treatments, or are currently being researched to discover more effective forms to combat the potential dangers they pose. Read MorePilot Fatigue Essay1526 Words   |  7 Pagesin terms of duties, job requirements, proficiency, training, employment opportunity, and good salary. These features picture a plain profile that fit into the specification of just an ordinary career. However, an aviation career comes with many challenges than expected. When focusing on statistics about being a pilot, it indicates a lifestyle that many inspire to work despite the many challenges that face this career. The challenges that pilot face revolve around being rested during long flightsRead MoreThe Dangers Of Space And Space Travel2052 Words   |  9 Pagesfinally send humans to Mars. The spacecraft, named Oasis, carries with it human passengers and the means to set up a potential colony. Years of research have identified many threats that the colonists will have to face on their journey, as well as efficient ways to neutralize them. However, as is often the case with voyages such as this, not everything goes acco rding to plan. The passengers must rely on their quick wits, as well as knowledge of the effects of microgravity on the human body and the

Creationism vs. Evolution Free Essays

Since high school, I have been on something of an intellectual and spiritual journey from what I was told to believe to what I believe for myself. It wasn’t until recently that I have finally started to become comfortable with what I do and do not accept as the truth regarding the origins of our existence here on this planet. I grew up in a diverse Christian home: my mother’s side are devout Roman Catholics and my Father’s Lutheran. We will write a custom essay sample on Creationism vs. Evolution or any similar topic only for you Order Now I was raised Catholic and we went to mass religiously (no pun intended) every Sunday and my mom said my Hail Mary’s with me every night before bed. The existence of God and His role in our lives was not even a question. From there, I went to a Christian pre-school, a Catholic kindergarten and grade school, and then a privet Catholic all-girls academy. In High School, evolution was barely talked about unless you were taking a class specifically related to it (or maybe it was but I tended to fall into a coma during science related lectures) and in primary school, it wasn’t talked about at all. My father is what my mother likes to call a â€Å"holy roller†: he is a starch Fundamentalist Christian and a Young-Earth Creationist who believes that the bible is fact and not to be interpreted in any way other than literally. I can remember him talking about the evils of evolution and how it was impossible for monkeys to still exist if we evolved from them. He said that the evolutionary theory was just that: a theory and not fact like the bible. My father is an extremely intelligent man who reads and researches his beliefs but he is blindly religious. My high school was an extremely intellectually nurturing environment. When I started religion classes there, while there was some bias, I got to hear other peoples points of view and beliefs which helped me to start figuring out what it was that I truly believed. It was through these classes that I met some girls who happened to be atheists. I had no idea that the general consensus among those girls was that all religious people were un-intellectual and unintelligent because of Young-Earth Creationist. It was during this time that I started read about the subject and I read a lot. I read a book by a Christian astronomer named Hugh Ross, an Old-Earth Creationist who believes that the first few chapters of the Book of Genesis are not a literal portrayal of actual events but rather, God’s revelation of the creation of events to the writer of Genesis. I thoroughly enjoyed the book but I promised my father I would at least give some Young-Earth Creationist views a chance. My dad gave me two books: one by Henry Morris and one by Ken Ham (the author of the assigned article. ) I was unimpressed by Henry Morris’s book as I found it extremely tangental and rambling. I then moved on the Ken Ham’s book, called The Answeres Book: The 20 Most-Asked Questions about Creation, Evolution, and the Book of Genesis Answered! I was actually appalled because essentially, he said that a person who does not believe in Young-Earth Creationism is not a Christian because they don’t believe the Bible. This was extremely disturbing to me because most of his comments throughout the book and on his website Answers In Genesis/ mission were extremely intolerant and even at times abusive towards scientific community as a whole. How could it be possible that the same PhDs and other teachers from whom I was learning all be deceptive liars? I think that’s why I had such a problem reading and accepting this article to be anything other than bullshit. True, he is not spouting any of his â€Å"holier than thou† spew in this particular piece but because I know and have read his other works I know he is trying to sell something: his own small-minded one-sided view of the world. The truth of the matter is that evolution is not anti-Biblical. I know that the Earth and the universe are both old. I know that life itself is old, we have scientific proof of it, but the question for me remained how exactly did life begin and develop. The Biblical creation story is clear: God created everything from the very beginning. How it progressed from there is not specifically spelled out. I have come to believe through reading, research, and soul-searching that evolution is the best and most plausible explanation for the progression of life on this planet. When my father was learning about evolution, it was discussed in terms of long-term gradual changes facilitated by natural selection. It had now been found that the process can be sped up by natural selection and other genetic processes. Over time, evolution has become better supported through tireless research. I think Evolution is easy enough to digest for people like my mother until it gets to the issue of monkeys. Whenever that subject is brought up it gets uncomfortable because she doesn’t want to believe that we, God’s handmade â€Å"mini-me’s†, originated from, to quote the immortal line from the movie Planet of the Apes, â€Å"damn dirty apes†. The idea that God hand-made each and every one of us from scratch is an easier pill to swallow for most Christians. I feel that biological evolution is a beautiful and reasonable explanation for the physical progression from apes to humans but it lacks a spiritual explanation. My Grandmom always said to me that she never fully believed in God until she was in the room when someone died. You can see all the life: the intelligence, the love, everything they were in life completely drain from them and all thats left is an empty vessel. I never thought I’d have an experience like that until my Grandmom passed away in her sleep last March. I saw everything she described happen right before my eyes and it was then that I realized that there had to be something, some supernatural aspect to humans that no other animal possesses. When I saw her lying in the casket, it was no longer my Grandmom but the shell of the beautiful and complex person she once was. Whether you want to call it a soul, God’s breath of life, or his image and likeness we are different and not just in our linguistic skills. It is clear to me that God chose us to be His children and to love Him forever but how or why he chose to differentiate us from the rest of the primates is still unclear to me. I have come to find that my thoughts and beliefs align with what is called Theistic Evolutionism or Evolutionary Creationism. Theistic Evolution is the concept that classical religious teachings are compatible with modern scientific understanding about biological evolution. Because I found this concept that fully aligned with my beliefs, I have never been more firm in my faith or more sure of my belief in God and Jesus Christ. I believe that God sent Jesus to cleanse me of my sin and I believe that He loves me. I believe that He hears my prayers and answers them and I believe that God did create the universe and everything in it but he chose to do it in a ways that we, his children, can study scientifically so we can better understand Him and His plan for us. How to cite Creationism vs. Evolution, Papers

Introduction of Management Conditions of Market Industry

Question: Define the Introduction of Management for Conditions of Market Industry. Answer: Introduction Market analysis is a study of environment attractiveness and favorable conditions within a market industry. It is a part of economic industrial analysis that studies the strength and opportunities of the organization and to its relative industrial market to prepare business strategy for sustainable growth (Verloo et al. 2016). The following essay is presented on the market analysis of Oaklands childcare and Kindergarten centre, which is a childcare centre industry. Industry background The Oaklands childcare and Kindergarten centre runs the centre on Australian Government approval based on the early years learning framework that helps in building a successful life of the pupil. The management of the centre provides weekly sessions on programming to the teachers and trainers to create, evaluate and improve their services for the benefits of childrens need. The centre provides number of extra- curricular activities like Rugby Tots, Happy Feet, play Frog and other related games to enhance the child development program (Oaklands.churchie.com.au 2016). PEST analysis In order to conduct a market analysis, it is important to study and evaluate the external environment conditions at macro- economic level apart from the internal marketing strategies. In order to capture the industry market, it is essential to understand the opportunities and threats exist in the economical environment. There are several analyzing tool to study and evaluate the environmental conditions and accordingly prepare a business strategy for successful market (Bergman and Jean 2016). PEST analysis is one of those tool to study the external environment framework that has been adopted by the Oaklands childcare and Kindergarten centre. PEST analysis is a structural framework that studies and assists in evaluation of political, economical, social and technological environmental factors. Therefore the analysis of PEST for Oaklands childcare and Kindergarten centre is as follows: Factors Analysis Political Political and legal forces are significant factors that influence the marketing of a business organization (Todd 2015). Therefore, the management of Oaklands childcare and Kindergarten centre has evaluated the legal frameworks to provide services on child care with respect to the proper adherence of law. The management ensured that the teachers and educators associated with the childcare centre should strictly follow the provisions of Australian government in providing safe and successful services (Oaklands.churchie.com.au 2016). Economical The organizations need to evaluate the economic conditions that plays important role in its marketing success. Since, there are large numbers of childcare centers in Australia, it is essential for Oaklands childcare to provide unique and best services (Elfenbein, Fisman and McManus 2015). The management of the centre examined and conducted new and innovative activities and programs to build the child development and intellectual growth. Social For an organization in childcare centre industry, the focus is on young children with an age group between 3 to 10 years (Logan, Press and Sumsion 2016). Similarly, the Oaklands childcare centre is focusing on providing services to the children with an age group of 3 to 11 years. It also involves services to the parents who are working and need attendants to take care of their child. Technological Operation of business in any organization depends on the type of technologies used by them. It is important to adopt advanced and upgraded technology to meet the requirements and quality of products and services. Hence, the Oaklands centre has equipped its centre with latest, innovative and attractive equipments for providing best services (Oaklands.churchie.com.au 2016). Table 1: PEST Analysis (Source: Created by author) Conclusion It can be concluded that the success of business greatly depends on its marketing strategy and environmental analysis. Accordingly, the childcare centre, being one of the essential industries in countries where parents are working is required to have well planned marketing structure. The Oaklands childcare and Kindergarten centre conducted a well planned marketing strategy by examining the external environmental factors that influence the growth and sustainability of an organization. The management considered the opportunities and threats to analyze its marketing condition in the childcare industry that has many competitors. Reference List Bergman, M.E. and Jean, V.A., 2016. Where have all the workers gone? A critical analysis of the unrepresentativeness of our samples relative to the labor market in the industrialorganizational psychology literature.Industrial and Organizational Psychology,9(01), pp.84-113. Elfenbein, D.W., Fisman, R. and McManus, B., 2015. Market structure, reputation, and the value of quality certification.American Economic Journal: Microeconomics,7(4), pp.83-108. Logan, H., Press, F. and Sumsion, J., 2016. The shaping of Australian early childhood education and care: What can we learn from a critical juncture?.Australasian Journal of Early Childhood,41(1), p.64. Oaklands.churchie.com.au. 2016. Home - Oaklands Childcare Centre. [online] Available at: https://oaklands.churchie.com.au/ [Accessed 12 Aug. 2016]. Todd, P., 2015. Introduction: Australian industrial relations in 2014.Journal of Industrial Relations,57(3), pp.325-332. Verloo, M., Alipranti, L.M., Tertinegg, K. and Van Beveren, J., 2016. Framing the organisation of intimacy as a policy problem across Europe.à Ã… ½ à Ã… ½ à Ã… ½,117(117), pp.119-147.

English Essay Example

English Paper Five Sexes: Why Male and Female Are not Enough In the article, The Five Sexes: Why Male and Female Are Not Enough Fausto-Sterling claims that our culture is wrong to put people into categories as either male or female. Fausto-Sterling claimed that there are actually five sexes-and perhaps even more. She defines the sexes as male, female, hermaphrodites (herms), male pseudo-hermaphrodites (merms) and female pseudo-hermaphrodites (ferms). It has provided several insights that show diversity to be an element that is provided in societies but is in great contrast with the commonly accepted idea that there are indeed only two sexes that are present in the society. The diversity is shown to come from the genetic makeup of the individuals together with the environment which they live in. As the society becomes more mature and genetic make-ups produce a set of sexes, diversity comes about in for the people within it to have a greater sense of awareness. In the article, it is clearly shown that it is the society and the norms that are ass ociated with it which dictates what is normal. There are certain notions that are commonly accepted as to how one should act, live, and behave and any deviation from the rule would be considered in negative terms. To a certain extent, there is a boundary that is formed that limits who is accepted and who is not. More often than not, the characteristics that come in greater frequency or that which is considered to be the characteristics of the majority are the ones which are labeled as normal. Definitely, the article has provided several insights with regard to the five sexes that are present in the society. The coming about of these different sexes is due to the genetic makeup and the complicated reasons that are associated with the natural sciences as to how there are the so-called ferms, herms, and merms. However, there is a great role that the society plays because of the norms, values, and beliefs that they create over what is normal and what is not. There are particular sets of limitations that are provided and this makes the situation more complicated for the hermaphrodites. If I were to quiz someone on the article, my question would be: 1) What are the three categories for intersexes that Fausto-Sterling suggests and how are they defined Answer is: herms, merms, and ferms. Herms are those who possess one testis and one ovary, merms in the other hand are those who have testes and some aspects of the female genitalia but with no ovaries. Ferms are those who have ovaries and some aspects of the male genitalia but lack testes.

Arthur Miller - The crucible

Arthur Miller - The crucible The CRUCIBLEHow does Arthur Miller prepare his audience for the conflict within the Salem community and the way they will come outA kettle with a broken pressure valve is the best metaphor to describe Salem's striving community. Arthur Miller effectively represents through act one all the characters of his play as a whole body moving towards a point of explosion, where " [...] suspicions and the envy of the miserable toward the happy could and did burst out in the general revenge."The first important thing we notice about Salem's society is their deep conviction in a strict theocracy, which has or wants control of the destiny of all citizens to maintain the community together : " [...] whose function was to keep the community together, and prevent any kind of disunity [...] " . The information Miller gives at the beginning of the play in his essays sets the correct situation, and describes the historical and cultural background of Salem's past.Legend (Abigail Williams EP)We understan d from these essays there are many hidden subtle "Long-held hatreds [...]" between neighbours and disputes for land "[...] which had been expressed before by constant bickering over boundaries and deeds[...] now could be openly resolved. The citizens saw the possibility of a witch-hunt as a way " [...] to express publicly his guilt and sins, under the cover of accusations against the victims."Act one develops from the solitary sorrow of a man in seeing his child mysteriously ill:Betty. Child. Dear child. Will you wake, will you open your eyes! Betty little one...To the serious matter of condemning nine human souls to witchcraft:Abigail: I saw Goody Hawkins with the Devil!Betty: I saw Goody bibber with the Devil!Abigail: I saw Goody Booth with the Devil!All this gets carried while...

Damas Jewellery Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Damas Jewellery - Coursework Example The prime objective behind implementation of the strategies is to amplify the productivity and market share of Damas Jewellery as compared to many other rival players. In addition, by evaluating the upcoming opportunities, the organization might plan its approaches in an efficient way so as to enhance its customer base and position that may restrict the entrance of other new players. Damas Jewellery has positioned itself as one of the reputed international Jewellery and watch retailer, being headquartered in the region of Dubai of United Arab Emirates. The organization came into existence in the year 1907 and within few years, it expanded itself in more than six countries such as UAE, Bahrain, Qatar, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia and others. It mainly specializes in artistic jewellery of gold, diamond and pearls as well as designed watches. Damas Jewellery includes various brands such as Ananya, Farasha, Hayati, Mira, spring, Farfasha, Fior, Legacy, Navaratna, Rangoli, as well as many international brands like Baraka, Givori, Utopia, Garrard and others. All the above mentioned brands are available in all the 300 stores of Damas Jewellery and it tries to offer them at best prices. Moreover, the organization also tries to design, develop as well as distribute gold and diamond jewelleries to different parts of the world and as the organization desires to sell the jewelleries directly to the customers with the help of jewellery galleries, art fairs, shows as well as online sites so its rate of accessibility is extremely high as compared to many others jewellery retailers. The company also tries to sell its designed goods through B2B retailer, franchises as well as distributors. Therefore, these types of selling strategies provide highest advantage to the organization that amplifies its total sales and profitability as compared to other rival players. Damas Jewellery became successful in amplifying its customer base as it

Evidence-based Policing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Evidence-based Policing - Essay Example 128). It offers a new approach to policing because it encourages the application of best practices from relevant literatures contrary to the traditional way of â€Å"just doing things the way they’ve always done it.† Encouraging law enforcers to look at relevant researches and adapt any best practices that are specified in literatures is one of the advantages of evidence-based policing because it helps in structuring their thinking and approach to various situations. Another advantage of this concept is that it is created to further help reduce the crime rate in the country by adapting new tactics and police responses that are proven effective by previous researches. On the other hand, one essential disadvantage of evidence-based policing is that not all procedures, results, and recommendations from previous researches are always reliable. Most of the time, adapting research procedures and policies may not be sufficient to address some situations, not to mention that not all law enforcers are knowledgeable, or trained, about proper implementation of these strategies. Evidence-based policing was, during the early 1990s, applied to resolving issues on domestic violence (Flynn, 2011). The traditional method of addressing this issue led to increasing cases of domestic violence. However, after using the concept of evidence-based law enforcers eventually realized their possible shortcoming in resolving domestic violence issue. They changed their method of handling these kinds of disputes that later on resulted to a sharp decline in domestic violence cases. Another example is when this concept was used to resolve street-level narcotics issue (Flynn, 2011). The traditional method of seizing the culprits did not apparently suffice to resolve the problem. After applying the concept of evidence-based, most police jurisdictions modified their traditional way of handling this concern. Instead, they created and enforced comprehensive, centered,

Benefits and Challenges of Nurse Prescribing

Benefits and Challenges of Nurse Prescribing Specifically with Leg Ulcer Treatment the nurse prescribing practice help in delivering a complete episode of care, enables greater self-sufficiency and speeder access towards medication, time saving and expedient together with the early interference identifications, greater patient involvement (Courtenay, Berry 2007). Furthermore, it provides a means of formalising present prescribing activities and approaches, allow patients to receive better information from the nurses about the prescriptions and medications and thereby permitting a holistic practice (Courtenay 2007). Additionally, it enhances rapport with the leg ulcer patient, reduces length of stay owing to accurate prescribing management, improves knowledge and assessment skills in identifying the complications of leg ulcer along with co-morbid complexities and promotes the response time to addressing patient symptoms and withdrawal (dependency) effects (Gray, 2006). On the other hand, it was observed that the prescribed drug, Allevyn induced allergic reactions in the patient and this can be attributed to the potential implications of prescribing process. However, it cal also happen owing to increased work load and responsibilities upon the nurse, litigation fear, inter and intra professional conflicts, adherence towards medical model of care, lack of knowledge and accountability and absence of skills for prescribing process and dependency (Courtenay et al., 2007). REFERENCES Courtenay, M. 2007, Nurse Prescribing-the benefits and the pitfalls, Journal of Community Nursing, 21, 11. Courtenay, M., Berry, D. 2007, Comparing Nurses and Doctors views of Nurse Prescribing: A Questionnaire Survey, Nurse Prescribing, 5, 5. Gray, R. 2006, Nurse Prescribing: Raising Standards, Nurse Prescribing, 4, 8. Research study carried out by While and Biggs (2004) indicated that nurse prescribers cannot form a substitute for the general practitioners for the products within the limited formulary. Implementing a major role in the nurse prescribing practice requires assessment of numerous conditions including adequate education, preparation and training and designing formulary that convene patient and practitionerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s needs (While, Biggs 2004). Report on the evaluation of eight pilot sites revealed that nurse prescribing was completely accompanied by anxiety and heightened apprehensions of accountability (Luker et al., 1997). To date back, National training for Nurse Prescribing was started in England, by the year of 1998 during which around 20, 000 nurses have qualified for the new role. The study carried out by Humphreys and Green (2000) illustrated the potential importance of infrastructure in the focus groups (n=12) obtaining the preparation concerned to nurse prescription at one institution (Humphreys, Green 2000). The implementation of extension standards in to supplementary nursing practice acknowledged the deliberate need for understanding pharmacology as the basis for prescribing process and to identify the nurses who play a major role in selection criteria pertaining to prescriber training (Department of Health, 2002). Towards the other side, in examining the speculative basis for mental health nurse prescribing process, it is very important to discuss the implicit theoretical tensions together with the experiences of registered nurse prescriber. Making a Difference (1999) was the key policy document published upon the extending phenomenon of nurse prescribing with an aim of saving time for the General Practitioners (Department of Health, 1999). However, the implicit support was arrived through National Health Service and it stressed on various ways of working and distorting the demarcating lines between the specialized groups in NHS with an interest on improved access to quality of health care (Brooks, 2001). Thus, it must be understood that benefits and challenges of Nurse Prescribing within the context of mental health include the following (Department of Health, 1999): Add up the knowledge and allow complete use of experience. Allow service transition from hospital to community based. Nurses must reveal that they are diagnostically competent for the process of patient assessment and prescribing. The prescribing process may distract the attention from other aspects of nursing roles. May result in developing dangers (like allergic reactions developed for Allevyn in the present study) and these get added up to nurseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s role Conclusion Thus, to effective reduce the incidence of deleterious effects due to Nurse prescribing, a helpful action plan must be devised with the following objectives: To evaluate the prescribing approaches of nurses with relation to health visitors. To effectively understand the professional and contextual factors which enhance and inhibit the process of Nurse Prescribing To understand the views of practitioners and patients with relation to treatment offered by the nurses. Much research was performed with in this field of Nursing and still is needed in future to effectively explore the factors and to determine the steps for carrying out this process. Nevertheless, it is not a solitary effort and it demands the potential involvement of practitioners, patients, Nurses, local health organisations together with the government.

Metal Protection Crossion

DBT 303 METALS PROTECTION ASSIGNMENT 1 1) 2) 3) What is meant by oxidation and reduction processes? What is meant by anode and cathode? Write both half reaction equations and total equations in an electrochemical cell that consists of Pb and Zn in their respective 1M ion solutions. 4) Write both half reaction from the total equilibrium electrochemical cell below? Define what happen for each half reaction? Calculate the voltage that is generated Zn + 2HCL->ZnCl2 + H2 5) What is meant by Corrosion Penetration Rate, CPR? (i) (ii) Define CPR. Give its unit. ) 7) 8) State three (3) corrosion medium? State the difference between EMF series and galvanic series that you know? What is meant by? (i) (ii) Corrosion? Corrosion rate? 9) One half of an electrochemical cell consists of a pure Nickel electrode in a solution of Ni2+. The other is a Cadmium electrode immersed in a Cd2+ solution. (i) If the cell is a standard one, write the spontaneous overall reaction and calculate the voltage that is generated. (ii) Compute the cell potential at 25? C if the Cd2+ and Ni2+ concentrations are 0. 5 and 10-3 M, respectively.Is the spontaneous reaction direction still the same as for the standard cell? 10) 11) Define passivity. Give an example of passivity. Briefly explain how passivity behaviour protects the metal surface from further corrosion. 12) 13) 14) 15) State two (2) examples of metals that displays passivity behaviour. Define erosion corrosion and how does it happen? What is crevice corrosion? Give an example of crevice corrosion. Where are intergranular corrosion always occur? How to prevent intergranular corrosion? 16) A piece of corroded steel plate was found in submerged ocean vessel.It was estimated that the original area of the plate was 15 in. 2 and approximately 2. 8 kg had corroded away during the submersion. Assuming a corrosion penetration rate of 180 mpy for this alloy in seawater, estimate the time of submersion in unit of years. The density of the steel is 7. 9 g/cm3. 17) 18) 19) 20) How does Activation Polarization occur? Explain about sacrificial anode and in what environment can be used? Explain about impressed current and how does it operated? Give four (4) common methods to apply metallic coating?

Architecture as a Means of Upliftment in South Africa

Architecture as a Means of Fulfillment in South Africa, post-apartheid Introduction The end of Apartheid allowed for â€Å"new ways of describing public institutions† according Togo Nero, in an interview for the Small Scale, Big Change exhibition. And as a result, architecture can be seen as a means of cultural fulfillment in post- apartheid South Africa. So the question is, how does architecture affect social change and identity In this country? This a two-fold question.This essay will look to address this question, In an analysis and comparison of Joy Onerous Red Location Museum In Port Elizabeth, and the Alexandra Heritage Centre in Johannesburg. We will start with a brief history of apartheid, and the sites, to put the buildings into context. Followed by a look at the purposes and concepts of the afore mentioned buildings. From there, we will address the structure and materials and go into an analysis and comparison of the buildings, ending off with the buildings in the pr esent day.History South Africans entire history is plagued with issues and tensions over ethnicity. This is evident all the way back to the early 1 sass when the Dutch and English used the Cape as their stopover point, and began to colonies, forcing the native people (such as the San and Koki) from their homes, and claimed the land for themselves. Battling for land and ownership between the Dutch and the English went on for many, many years, resulting In events such as the Boer War. In 1910, South Africa became a member of the British Commonwealth, with both parties sharing power.By the asses, the Nationalist Party grew in strength resulting in them finally coming into power, and the start of apartheid in 1948. Apartheid resulted in many things, but the cost important factor was that of segregation of races, and classification. Different races were given different social areas, occupations and areas to live. The years to follow were full of unhappiness, and protest- both peaceful an d not. Jumping ahead to 1990, we see the beginning of change- laws lifted, and constitutions redrawn. In 1994, South Africa saw the election of their first black president and the legal end to apartheid.New Brighton, Port Elizabeth Is one of the oldest black townships In South Africa, with the Red Location- so named after the old red corrugated barracks there- being the Much peaceful, non-violent protest happened, and it was here, in 1952 that a group of local NC members marched through the â€Å"Europeans Only' entrance at the New Brighton Train Station. This was the start of many more acts of defiance. After forty- six years, apartheid ended, and the Red Location was chosen to be a site where history and the location itself, would be preserved. Alexandra Township, in Johannesburg was named a township in 1912.It was one of the few townships that was not demolished as a result of the Group Areas Act- the township was too much of an important place for people in the northern suburbs to mind labor. However, the government found that Alex was over-populated, and so sought to forcedly remove people. This led to many boycotts and protests in the area. Alex is an important part of the apartheid history, as important NC members lived there at one time or another- such as Nelson Mandela. Alexandra Township today is a bustling and vibrant area, with an ongoing project to develop and preserve it.Purpose and Concept In 1998, a national competition was held to design a precinct in the Red Location that would bring tourists into the area firstly, as well as to preserve the history of the area. It was to include new housing, a library, art centre, gallery and market hall, a conference centre, and obviously, the centre piece- a museum centered on apartheid. The winner of the competition was the Cape Town based, Nero Wolff Architects. Their scheme would formalize a public space- something that was lacking in Red Location.This â€Å"plaza† would be at the centre of the precinct- the intersection between the two roads created in the design. As well as this, there were a few factors that put it above the other entries: firstly, great care and thought was put into the call of the design- not only does it blend in with the industrial buildings in the area, but it is considerate of the scale of the township itself. The second point is its aesthetic- the language is straightforward, and the buildings celebrate the ordinary materials- like concrete and corrugated iron.This overall scheme does however, have a slight industrial feel to it- which is deliberate in tying the building into its site. And the last thing was that the building had a unique approach to preserving the history, and courting whatever exhibits it would house- all of which creates a memory evolving around the struggle for freedom, rather than apartheid itself. In 2001, the Alexandra Tourism Development Project (ATOP) was founded, by the Sautà ©ing Tourism Authority, in the hopes to de velop a number of tourism facilities and infrastructure with emphasis on the heritage of the area, and to bring in tourism.Time, effort and money were also put into upgrading the housing in the area- and this has been a hugely successful project, major improving the lives of the people that live there. And this was a big stimulant when it came to the Heritage Centre- it â€Å"must serve primarily as a resource for the community – they must be incentive of as essential and integral parts of the urban and social fabric of Alexandra – rather than simply as an attraction for visitors†. Anyone Duggan, project something that Peter Rich took into account, in his design- which we will discuss later.The Alexandra Heritage Site serves mainly as a venue space- where meetings, exhibitions and classes can be held. There will also be a permanent exhibition, showing the history, and stories of the area, as well as artworks and photographs. But according to Peter Rich, the most important feature is that it is a place where the older generations can tell their stories and record their memories. Interview in Convey, online magazine, 2011-1) Structure, Materials and the Building Process For the purpose of this essay, I will focus mainly on the Museum itself, rather than the entire Museum of Struggle Precinct.In the Red Location Museum, the building itself only serves to house and protect the exhibits- the twelve corrugated â€Å"memory boxes† (more later) hold all the significance and meaning. The building is designed to evoke little emotion, which goes to strengthen ones experience of the interior. This building is an example of a massive concrete structure- built from pre-cast concrete elements, and in-situ elements, such as the columns- which bring a sense of permanence to the building. Other than its sheer volume, perhaps the most important structural feature is the roof.For their initial design, Nero Wolff looked to anti-apartheid protest art for clues. In the painting shown, the three seminal building types are evident:, the double story school building, the â€Å"box-house† and the saw- tooth roofed factory. The saw-tooth is an image strongly associated with the factory, and during the times of apartheid, the factory was associated with civic virtue, as it as the trade unions that helped shape the internal struggle for freedom. Civic buildings at that time were also images of apartheid, so Nero Wolff wanted to create a distinction.So the Museum was designed with a saw-tooth roof- which also offered good lighting and ventilation opportunities. The Alexandra Heritage Centre primarily used red steel girders, brick and poly- carbonate sheeting, giving it a lighter appearance than the Museum- especially because it also bridges across the road, which creates an observation deck overlooking the township. Peter Rich describes it as having an â€Å"ad-hoc esthetics† (Interview in Convey, online magazine, 2011-1) whic h is influenced by the surrounding without being patronizing.It has a civic feel, but still blends into the township- much like the Red Location. Peter Rich also sort ideas out from the people- he spent a great deal of time observing daily routines and such of the area, and used this to influence the design. Both buildings used local labor. Alex not only used local labor in the construction, but also in the smaller details, like the glasswork in the windows. The Red Location used 50% local labor, and every three months, new people were brought in- trained ND put to work. This offered much in the line of employment.Analysis and Comparison which houses a library and the exhibition space and offers views of the surrounding houses. The building has many opportunities for transparency- from the entrance, you can observe below into the public spaces, outside next to the road and in the interior, the planes are interlinking. There are also ambiguous internal spaces- this allows for great f lexibility in purpose- they were designed to be able to house political as well as social events. Another dimension is added, under the bridge- this space is owe redefined as street.Because of the polycarbonate sheeting and glasswork, the building gets good daylight- which is important if the space is to be utilized for workshops and such. As one enters the Red Location Museum, one is brought from the large sweeping veranda, to the entrance hall- which takes you from the informal exterior to formal interior, with its large volume. The entrance hall serves as a transition space. The entrance also houses the auditorium, which can be accessed from both sides. From here, the movement is directed via a row of tall concrete columns which are the first splay- the â€Å"walk of heroes†.These bring you into the main exhibition space- which is initially concealed- this was deliberate, to bring in a sense of â€Å"mysteriousness†. The main exhibition space houses twelve towering rusted corrugated structures- the â€Å"memory boxes† which relate back to the actual memory boxes which were treasured items during apartheid. Through these boxes, the exhibitions could be curates through themes. Each box is different on the inside, housing an exhibit. The memory box, is supposed to represent history, while outside of the museum is the present.The space inebriate- the twilight zone- is the transitional space, where past is lost to present. And it is in this space, which one moves around in the museum- choosing your own path and therefore creating your own understanding and story. This is achieved through a deliberate lack of hierarchy- the boxes are placed in a grid. The townships share similar histories, so it is only natural that any public buildings within them would have similarities. The obvious difference is their function, but other than that, these buildings share similar approaches, labor strategies, reasons for materiality.But the biggest similarit y is that they both have a positive impact on their locations, and are strong beacons towards a better future and a new identity. The Buildings in Present Day The Alexandra Heritage Centre, after many years of delays and budget problems, is near to completion. Of course, projects to uplift and rejuvenate the area are still on going. Tours are given of Alexandra regularly (called shoo' left(s)) which include visits to Mandela's Yard and the Heritage Centre. From the limited resources available, it is evident that the community think this building is a huge success- which is the most important opinion.It will take a few years, and more rejuvenation of the area, to bring in the amount of tourism that the ATOP hope to bring in, however. The museum. Currently, the next phases- the art gallery and the library/archive are completed- with minor interior issues still to be resolved- these are not open to the public yet. Future plans for the site include more, higher density housing, and an a rts school- which will include a theatre which can bring in more involvement from the community.The precinct is very successful- it brings in tourist attention, the community love it and make use of it on a daily basis. On a larger scale, the Museum does much to rejuvenate South Africa, in post-apartheid times. Conclusion When asked, how does architecture affect social change and identity in this country, one needs to look at why it is necessary to uplift the community and why perhaps, is change needed. It is evident that huge change was required after apartheid to begin to heal this country, and one of the biggest tools the apartheid government had to control people, was space.Through the two public buildings that were compared, we can see how this country, through architecture, has begun to correct itself. These buildings are not patronizing to anyone- not any race or class- and aside from their obvious functions, they bring about new change and identity to their respective commun ities. We can successfully reach this conclusion now, as we know the background and context, and are well acquainted with the buildings through an understanding of structure, materials, purpose and concept.As with most things, change is ongoing, and the Red Location Precinct and Alexandra Heritage Centre are testament to this. As a young architect in South Africa, it is clear to me, that to create successful public buildings, a good understanding of the surrounding context, community and history is obvious, as well as an understanding that the architects role is to create spaces- and that space can have a huge affect on people, and that it is our duty to shape this space as best to assist the community as possible.

The Plague in Athens

Such was the funeral that took place during this winter, with which the first year of the war came to an end. In the first days of summer the Lacedaemonians and their allies, with two-thirds of their forces as before, invaded Attica, under the command of Archidamus, son of Zeuxidamus, King of Lacedaemon, and sat down and laid waste the country. Not many days after their arrival in Attica the plague first began to show itself among the Athenians. It was said that it had broken out in many places previously in the neighbourhood of Lemnos and elsewhere, but a pestilence of such extent and mortality was nowhere remembered. Neither were the physicians at first of any service, ignorant as they were of the proper way to treat it, but they died themselves the most thickly, as they visited the sick most often; nor did any human art succeed any better. Supplications in the temples, divinations, and so forth were found equally futile, until the overwhelming nature of the disaster, at last, put a stop to them altogether. It first began, it is said, in the parts of Ethiopia above Egypt, and thence descended into Egypt and Libya and into most of the Kings country. Suddenly falling upon Athens, it first attacked the population in Piraeus- which was the occasion of their saying that the Peloponnesians had poisoned the reservoirs, there being as yet no wells there- and afterwards appeared in the upper city, when the deaths became much more frequent. All speculation as to its origin and its causes, if causes can be found adequate to produce so great a disturbance, I leave to other writers, whether lay or professional; for myself, I shall simply set down its nature, and explain the symptoms by which perhaps it may be recognized by the student, if it should ever break out again. This I can the better do, as I had the disease myself, and watched its operation in the case of others. That year then is admitted to have been otherwise unprecedentedly free from sickness; and such few cases as occurred all determined in this. As a rule, however, there was no ostensible cause; but people in good health were all of a sudden attacked by violent heats in the head, and redness and inflammation in the eyes, the inward parts, such as the throat or tongue, becoming bloody and emitting an unnatural and fetid breath. These symptoms were followed by sneezing and hoarseness, after which the pain soon reached the chest, and produced a hard cough. When it fixed in the stomach, it upset it; and discharges of bile of every kind named by physicians ensued, accompanied by very great distress. In most cases also an ineffectual retching followed, producing violent spasms, which in some cases ceased soon after, in others much later. Externally the body was not very hot to the touch, nor pale in its appearance, but reddish, livid, and breaking out into small pustules and ulcers. But inter nally it burned so that the patient could not bear to have on him clothing or linen even of the very lightest description, or indeed to be otherwise than stark naked. What they would have liked best would have been to throw themselves into cold water; as indeed was done by some of the neglected sick, who plunged into the rain-tanks in their agonies of unquenchable thirst; though it made no difference whether they drank little or much. Besides this, the miserable feeling of not being able to rest or sleep never ceased to torment them. The body meanwhile did not waste away so long as the distemper was at its height, but held out to a marvel against its ravages; so that when they succumbed, as in most cases, on the seventh or eighth day to the internal inflammation, they had still some strength in them. But if they passed this stage, and the disease descended further into the bowels, inducing a violent ulceration there accompanied by severe diarrhoea, this brought on a weakness which was generally fatal. For the disorder first settled in the head, ran its course from thence through the whole of the body, and, even where it did not prove mortal, it still left its mark on the extremities; for it settled in the privy parts, the fingers and the toes, and many escaped with the loss of these, some too with that of their eyes. Others again were seized with an entire loss of memory on their first recovery and did not know ei ther themselves or their friends. But while the nature of the distemper was such as to baffle all description, and its attacks almost too grievous for human nature to endure, it was still in the following circumstance that its difference from all ordinary disorders was most clearly shown. All the birds and beasts that prey upon human bodies, either abstained from touching them (though there were many lying unburied) or died after tasting them. In proof of this, it was noticed that birds of this kind actually disappeared; they were not about the bodies, or indeed to be seen at all. The effects which I have mentioned could best be studied in a domestic animal like the dog. Such then, if we pass over the varieties of particular cases which were many and peculiar, were the general features of the distemper. Meanwhile, the town enjoyed an immunity from all the ordinary disorders; or if any case occurred, it ended in this. Some died in neglect, others in the midst of every attention. No remedy was found that could be used as a specific; for what did good in one case, did harm in another. Strong and weak constitutions proved equally incapable of resistance, all alike being swept away, although dieted with the utmost precaution. By far the most terrible feature in the malady was the dejection which ensued when anyone felt himself sickening, for the despair into which they instantly fell took away their power of resistance, and left them a much easier prey to the disorder; besides which, there was the awful spectacle of men dying like sheep, through having caught the infection in nursing each other. This caused the greatest mortality. On the one hand, if they were afraid to visit each other, they perished from neglect; indeed many houses were emptied of their inmates for want of a nurse: on the other, if they ventured to do so, death was the consequence. This was especially the case with such as made any pretensions to goodness: honour made them unsparing of themselves in their attendance in their friends houses, where even the members of the family were at last worn out by the moans of the dying, and succumbed to the force of the disaster. Yet it was with those who had recovered from the disease that the sick and the dying found most compassion. These knew what it was from experience, and had now no fear for themselves; for the same man was never attacked twice- never at least fatally. And such persons not only received the congratulations of others but themselves also, in the elation of the moment, half entertained the vain hope that they were for the future safe from any disease whatsoever. An aggravation of the existing calamity was the influx from the country into the city, and this was especially felt by the new arrivals. As there were no houses to receive them, they had to be lodged at the hot season of the year in stifling cabins, where the mortality raged without restraint. The bodies of dying men lay one upon another, and half-dead creatures reeled about the streets and gathered round all the fountains in their longing for water. The sacred places also in which they had quartered themselves were full of corpses of persons that had died there, just as they were; for as the disaster passed all bounds, men, not knowing what was to become of them, became utterly careless of everything, whether sacred or profane. All the burial rites before in use were entirely upset, and they buried the bodies as best they could. Many from want of the proper appliances, through so many of their friends have died already, had recourse to the most shameless sepultures: sometimes gettin g the start of those who had raised a pile, they threw their own dead body upon the strangers pyre and ignited it; sometimes they tossed the corpse which they were carrying on the top of another that was burning, and so went off. Nor was this the only form of lawless extravagance which owed its origin to the plague. Men now coolly ventured on what they had formerly done in a corner, and not just as they pleased, seeing the rapid transitions produced by persons in prosperity suddenly dying and those who before had nothing succeeding to their property. So they resolved to spend quickly and enjoy themselves, regarding their lives and riches as alike things of a day. Perseverance in what men called honour was popular with none, it was so uncertain whether they would be spared to attain the object; but it was settled that present enjoyment, and all that contributed to it, was both honourable and useful. Fear of gods or law of man there was none to restrain them. As for the first, they judged it to be just the same whether they worshipped them or not, as they saw all alike perishing; and for the last, no one expected to live to be brought to trial for his offences, but each felt that a far severer sentence had been already passed upon them all and hung ever over their heads, and before this fell it was only reasonable to enjoy life a little. Such was the nature of the calamity, and heavily did it weigh on the Athenians; death raging within the city and devastation without. Among other things which they remembered in their distress was, very naturally, the following verse which the old men said had long ago been uttered: A Dorian war shall come and with it death. So a dispute arose as to whether dearth and not death had not been the word in the verse; but at the present juncture, it was decided in favour of the latter; for the people made their recollection fit in with their sufferings. I fancy, however, that if another Dorian war should ever afterwards come upon us, and a dearth should happen to accompany it, the verse will probably be read accordingly. The oracle also which had been given to the Lacedaemonians was now remembered by those who knew of it. When the god was asked whether they should go to war, he answered that if they put their might into it, victory would be theirs and that he would himself be with them. With this oracle events were supposed to tally. For the plague broke out as soon as the Peloponnesians invaded Attica, and never entering Peloponnese (not at least to an extent worth noticing), committed its worst ravages at Athens, and next to Athens, at the most populous of the othe r towns. Such was the history of the plague.